SUFI ORDER

                           SUFI ORDER

Sufi order
1. Given by Abul Fazal in his book Ain e Akbari
2. Abul Fazal a prominent Historian of King Akbar
3. Abul Fazal mention 14 sufi silsila in his writing
4. Of which, four are most important (Chishiya, Shurarwardi, Naqshbandi, Qadriya).

Chistiya order
Founder Khawaja Abu Ahmed Abdal Chisti

Suharwardi order
Founder Sheikh Shahbudin Umar Suharwardi at Bghdad

Naqshbandi order

Qadriya order
Founder Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jillani in Baghdad


The Message/Philosophy of Sufism

1. Universal brotherhood
2. The mercy of God
3. The pleasures of honest dealing
4. The nearness of God
5. The power of prayer
6. The beauty of faith
7. The duties and responsibilities of men.
8. Simple Faith
9. Message of love and peace


Impacts of Sufism on Sub continent

1. Islam spread via the message and preachings of Sufi's in sub-continent.
2. Spread the message of peace and love
3. Focus was humanity
4. Brought hindus and muslims closer
5. Taught the balance between religious amd social life
6. Emergence of concept of Wahdat ul wajood and wahdat ul shahood
7. Ialam in sub continet was defined as a pacifist religion.

Conclusion:-
Sufism and sufi order was ma weak point and I have never ever read/understood this area of history peoperly, so a beg a pardon for any mistake in the point that u have mentioned above specially the message and impact of Sufism.

Recommended Books for optional subjects

Recommended Books for optional subjects

Constitutional Law

1. World Constitutions by Kaeley
2. How States Are Governed
3. Studies In The Constitution Of Pakistan by Dr. safdar mahmood

Economics

Paper I :

1. KK Dewett (Modern Economic Theory)
2. Paul A. Samuelson(Economics international edition)

Paper II :

1. Economics of Pakistan by Saeed Nasir and Kamal Haider

International Relations

1. International Relations by Prakash Chander
2. Introduction to international relations : power and justice by T. A. Couloumbis and J. H. Wolfe
3. International Relations and Political Theory by Kamran Shahid

Geography

1. Physical Geography by A.Strahler
2. Human geography by Deblij
3. A Geography of Pakistan by Huma Naz Sethi

Journalism

1. Mass Communication by Imtiaz Shahid
2. Exploring Journalism by Safdar Mahmood
3. Any editorial etc. on Journalism in DAWN or leading newspapers

Sociology

1. Sociology by Horton and Hunt
2. Pak. Sociology by Ch. Iqbal (For MA classes)
3. Sociology by Abd-ul-Hameed Taga
4. Sociology an introduction by S.M Shahid

Political science

1. Muslim Political Thought by Muhammad Aslam Chaudhry
2. Western Political Thought by Judd Harmon
3. Political science Theory and Practice by Mazharul Haq

INDO PAK HISTORY

PAPER I

books by

1. K. Ali
2. Sohail Bhatti

PAPER II

1. Struggle for Pakistan by I.H.Quershi ( for pre-partition period)
2. Pakistan Affairs by Ikram Rabbani
3. Constitutional and political history of pakistan by hamid Khan ( for post- partition period )

US History 

Books by

1. R. K. Majumdar
2. A. N. Srivastva

ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

1) Gani & EJAZ's Principles of accounting and Advanced Accounting (Final accounts, Partnership, Bank reconciliation, Non-profit organizations and capital and revenue)
2) Meigs and Meigs' Accounting-basis for business decision (Chapter 1 to 5)
3) Shukla's Financial Accounting 1 (Additional practice)

COST ACCOUNTING

1) Matz & usury's Cost accounting (chapter 1 to 6) and standard costing, budgeting, by-product costing and marginal costing
2) HILTON's managerial accounting (Additional practice and theory for objective type preparation) standard costing, marginal costing, process costing, budgeting, LIFO and FIFO.

AUDITING

1) Khawaja Amjad Saeed's AUDITING.(only the topics indicated in syllabus)

TAXATION

1) Mohammad moazzam mughal's INCOME TAX (only the sections mentioned in the syllabus) 

BUSINESS ORGANIZATION 

INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS by saeed nasir.(only related topics)

Statistics

1. Stats by prof. sher muhammad chaudhry for Ba/BSc.

British History

1. British History by Birdsall S. Viault
2. Mastering Modern British History by Norman Lowe

European History

1. Mastering Modern European History by Stuart T. Miller.
2. About European history by L.p.cock.
3. European History by IJ Chawla.

Physics

1. Modern physics by A.BEISER
2. University physics by SEARS ZEMANSKY
3. Fundamentals of physics by HALLIDAY AND RESNICK

Agriculture

1. Towards understanding agriculture by Mohd Ishaq Khan
2. Books published by National Book Foundation in collaboration with USAID like Horticulture, Plant Breeding, Extension Methods etc
3. Agriculture by Asif Malik
4. Agriculture by Masood A. A. Qureshi
5. MCQs of Agriculture for css/pcs by Dogar's publishers.

Sindhi

1. Sindhi adab jo tanqidi ibheyas by abdulmajeed memon
2. Sindhi boli ji mukhtasar tarikh by leghari
3. Sindhi adab jo mukhtasar jaizo by abduljabar junejo

Islamic History & culture

1. History of Islam By Mazhurl Haq
2. History of Saracens by Syed Ameer Ali
3. Plus used Google to get information about Turkey Sultanat-Usmania
4. History of the arabs by Phillip.K.Hitti
5. Study of islamic History by K.Ali

Public Administration

1. Public Administration By Dr. Sultan
2. Personnel Management by Dr. Sultan
3. Tiyagi Book for the Schools and approaches of Public administration

Forestry

1. Two volumes of Prof. Dr. Masood A. A. Qureshi
2. Yellow pages coming with the Dawn of Monday
3. Forestry by Muhammad iqbal Shiekh and SM hafeez

International Law

1. Internation Law by S.K Kapoor
2. International Law by J.J Starke

Books for Optionals

Geography

Physical Geogpahy by Strahler
Geography by De Blij
Geography of Pakistan by Farooque Bajwa
Human and Economic Geography of Pak by Huma Naz Sethi
Video lectures of Geography on KhanAcademy.com


Indo Pak History

Indo-Pak History by K. Ali
Tareekh e Hind by Sahab zada Abdul Rasool
History of Indo-Pak by Mahadevan
Jehangir Top 20 Queations for Mcq's

Journalism

Journalism for all by Prof: Khurshed Ahmed
Journalism for CSS by Abid Tahimi
Journalism Notes by Virtual University
Jehangir Top 20 Questions for Mcq's

Mughal Dynasty - Short Notes

MUGHAL EMPIRE 1526-1857

BABUR
1526-1530

• Founder of Mughal Dynasty
• Born in Farghana Valley (Uzbekistan).
• Defeat Ibrahim Lodhi in Battle of 1st battle Pani Path
• important battles (Panipat an Kanauj with Rana Sanga)
• Died in 1530
• Succeeded by his elder son Humayun

HUMAYUN
1530-1540

• The period from 1540-1555 is known as Sur Dynasty.
• 1555-1556
• Elder Son of Babur
• Had 4 brothers
• His life is often remembered as a tail of his failures
• 1540 he lost is empire to Sher Shah Suri
• Sheh Shah Suri rule India from 1540-1545 then his son Islam Shah followed
• Bahram Khan was his able Army commander who helphim regain his throne from Sur's
• Lover of Books, had his own library in Palace
• Died due to the fall from stairs of his library

AKBAR THE GREAT
1556-1607

• Became king at the age of 13 years
• initially look after by Bahram Khan till the age of 21
• fought 2nd battleof Pani pat with Hemu
• Almost ruled entire India
• HAd 5000 wives As per his historian Abul Hazal (300+ wives and 4700 concubines)
• Introduced Din e Elahi in 1580's
• Had team of 9 important Ministers Known as Nauratna (means 9 Jems)
• His wife muslim name was Mehar uz Zamani (known as Jodha in movies)
• Had a son Shehzada Saleem (Jehangir)
• removed jizya from hindus
• 1st to bring hindus in his ministries
• burried in Skinderia/Sikanderabad.

JEHANGIR
1607-1627

• Also known as Shahzada Saleem
• Famous for his Bell of Justice
• and Love affair with Anarkali
• got married to Nur Jehan later (A widow of SHer Afghan Khan)
• 1st to permit British East India Company to trade with India
• Close friend of James Todd Who asked for BEIC permission to work in India
• died in Kashmir due to excessive alcoholism

SHAH JEHAN
1627-1658

• His period is known as golden period of Mughal Empire
• Built Taj Mahal for his wife
• his wife name was Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu Begam)
• had 14 children
• He wanted his son Dara Sikoh to be the next king of India
• was captured by his son Aurangzeb and kept house arrested for last 8 years of his life in Taj Mahal
• Died in 1660's

AURANGZAIB ALAMGIR
1658-1707

• Known as Alagmir (One who conquers the world)
• Also known as Idol Breaker
• Staunch Practicing Muslim
• Imposed many embargoes on Hindus
• Ruled India for Almost 50 years
• use to sell caps/hat made by himself to afford his own expenditure
• his total saving of life at the time of his death was 2 rupees and a few paisa.... I guess
• died in 1707

BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR
1837-1857

• last Mughal ruler of India
• His rule was limited to Delhi only
• A poet
• Student of Mirza Ghalib in poetry
• captured by BIEC in 1857 revolt
• exiled to Rangoon, Burma
• Spend his remaining life in exile.

Various Perspectives of Kashmir Dispute

      Various Perspectives of Kashmir Dispute 

• -Indian Occupation of Kashmir
• - Indo-Sino war 1962
• -Issue of ShaksGam Valley
• -1965 and 1971 wars
• -Aksai Chin
• -Indian view (Atoot Ang)
• -Pakistani view (Kashmir as Shahrag)
• -Chinese view
• -UN Plebiscite and its status
• -Water Disputes (as River Indus Passes from Kashmir to enter Pak)

Syrian Crisis

                       Syrian Crisis 


Introduction
A retrospective look into the 20-month-old 'Arab awakening' highlights some observations. One needs to enumerate the events which turned into the bloody civil wars in Syria. There is a creeping outside intervention in the region. The pros and cons of the large scale military intervention are still awaited. First and the foremost observations is that the Arab uprising is indigenous and purely followed to bring down the decades long regimes. Secondly, none of these uprising in Arab world have clear-cut roadmap beyond the overthrowing of the authoritarian empire. Thirdly, the west is inspired by the richness and wealth of these regimes as the North African and Middle Eastern countries are rich in energy resources. However, the outbreak and the intensity of the civil war in Syria is unexpected and its consequences are even more surprising. The further discussion will elaborate the plight of Syria today and different dimensions of this civil war.

Current Developments
In the present Syrian crisis, more than 20,000 people including civilians, rebels and personnel from Syrian army have lost their lives. Similarly, 120,000 people have fled to the neighbouring countries like, Jordon, Turkey and Iraq. The Alawi’ite sect, to whom Bashar al Assad belongs to, comprises 10-12 percent of the population of Syria in comparison of Sunnis which make 70 percent of the Syrian population. Assad used Alawi’ite militia, the Shabiha against the civilians or the rebel forces.

Recently, OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) called an emergency meeting of the 57 Muslim member states of the world for deciding the fate of Syria. During the proceedings, OIC suspended the membership of Syria on the basis of the violence in the country. However, Iran severely opposed the move. In this regard, Pakistan took a neutral stance and said that she respects the sovereignty and integrity of Syria.

In July, UN Security Council failed to adopt a resolution against Syria as Russia and China vetoed the resolution. Prior to that, UN General Assembly also passed a resolution against Syria as the violence was growing rapidly. In the same period, UN envoy for Syria, Kofi Annan rendered his resignation and the last hope of the peace process faded away.

Internal dynamics and its implications
Hafez al-Assad seized power in 1970 in a bloodless coup termed the Corrective Revolution, was notable particularly in the time of older Assad for his ruthlessness and building the entire ruling structure around Alawi’ite loyalists. Under Hafez al-Assad regime, Syria made little progress in economic world but his ruling time was remembered for 1982 attack on the town of Homs to eliminate Muslim Brotherhood adherents. That incident left 30,000 people dead. A similar operation was carried out by Bashar al-Assad against the Homs. If Assad steps down, there are less chances of his survival and since he has used Alawi’ite militia, the Shabiha to attack the Sunni majority rebels. There were reports that Russian ambassador in Paris said that his country would give asylum to Bashar al-Assad and his family but later on the claim was denied.

Assad's days may be numbered. The bomb blast in the meeting where the defence minister and the head of the National Security Bureau lost their lives is the manifestation of the fact that Assad's regime is losing its control over the internal affairs. Recently, Syria threatened to use biological and chemical weapons against the external enemies. It is the first time Syria made an acknowledgement of having weapons of mass destruction.

Despite the fact there is great upheaval against the Assad's regime but it is also important to note that Assad government has enough power to keep fighting and it shows no signs of giving up. Most members of the Syria's Alawi’ite, Christian and Kurdish with small chunk of Sunni Muslims still prefer Assad's government. The rebels in Syria are divided amongst more than 100 groups and there is no clear political leadership. But if the fight prolongs there are great chances of ensuing ethnic, religious and sectarian violence in Syria as happened in Lebanon in 1970s. The situation was controlled when the Syrian forces stepped in Lebanon. Those who claim that the rebel forces have ability to create the Frankenstein, they are devoid of the fact that the opposition does not have a free army. It is more or a less rebels, who are operating at different places in groups. Furthermore, there is great evidence of the infiltration of al-Qaeda (strangely an ally of the US) which is providing assistance to rebels.

External dynamics and its impacts
Syria is the 'land link' between Iran and the Hezbollah, Tehran's front line force against the Israel. It is in this prospect which brought Israel around to support the anti-Assad strategy. Curtailing Iranian influence in the Middle East is the main objective of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf countries not to support Iran especially in response to Shia uprising in the Bahrain.

Turkey is also sceptical about the manoeuvring of Syria. There is a large scale tendency of Kurdish movement in Turkey. Kurds being Shi’ite by sect and had been supportive of Syrian government in the past, viewed as suspicion in Ankara. Recently, Turkish Foreign Minister, Dovutoglu announced the establishment of the 'safe zone' inside Syria for the internally-displaced persons.

Russia has traditional relations with Ba'athist Syria. The former has an antipathy for the Sunni Islamists group forces as one can see during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Furthermore, the Russians have a stack in opposing the West and favouring Iran in the Middle East. That's why, Russia used its influence and vetoed thrice the resolution against Syria.

However, China has different perspective of supporting the Ba'athist regime of Assad. Beijing is facing separatist movement in Xinjiang by Uighurs, Taiwan and Tibet. China perceives such incident with great wisdom and sceptical about the foreign interventions. Therefore, China wanted to have some good friend in the UN Security Council. Thus, Russia fills the gap. Once, the Chinese ambassador said about relations with the Russians, “We have been pushed into quasi-alliance.”

Expected fall-outs
Whatever is the dimension and the course of the Syrian civil war, ultimately the political change will take place. The reason behind is that there is no possibility of sustaining Assad's government as the latter is involved in killings of his own people. Apart from Assad's government and his close aides all other protagonists are of the view of an early ending of the bloody civil war which has already spread to Lebanon and may spill into Turkey and other neighbouring countries.

Recommendations
The shape and the feasibility of the Syrian civil war are still unclear. But the ceasefire is the need of the hour. There might be some preconditions to end this civil war and achieve the ceasefire. The preconditions might be given in recommendations like: a future role for the Assad regime leaders, amnesty for non-criminal government security forces, elimination of terrorist and foreign elements from the region that might belong to anti-government or pro-government, giving assurance to all religious and ethnic entities for their safety and security in different locations.

Furthermore, a collective force can be employed from the platform of UN and OIC to look into the affairs of ceasefire until the transitional phase passes out. In this regard, the new UN envoy to Syria should play a vital role in bringing peace and stability in the region.

Furthermore, Pakistan must adopt the strategy of neutrality at this critical moment. As Pakistan is fighting against terrorism in Fata, therefore, neutrality is the suitable solution.

In a nut shell, the political change is inevitable in Syria. The civil war has to end eventually. It is better for the Syrian people to end this bloody war fair as early as possible through peaceful manner. However, if the fighting prolongs there is a great possibility of growing sectarian, religious and ethnic violence not only in Syria but also in the other neighboring countries.

US withdrawl from Afghanistan and its impact on Pakistan

US withdrawl from Afghanistan and its                             impact on Pakistan.

Recommendations

To the United States

1. The United States has also realized that it cannot settle the Afghan crisis on its own. Pakistan is in fact indispensable to a peaceful settlement of Afghan imbroglio. Therefore it shall be given its due role.
2. Washington must think on the lines of formally giving share to Taliban in government or shall give government to them in provinces which are under their control.
3. There has been no progress on the Reconciliation Commission and Delisting Commission therefore Washington must sincerely pursue the affairs of these two commissions in order to win Taliban’s trust.
4. The US should work on winning hearts and minds in the region by economic incentives. In this regard a look like of Marshal Plan arrangement can be made in Pak-Afghan region.
5. United States shall be mindful of Pakistan’s sensitivities vis-à-vis New Delhi.

To the Government of Afghanistan:

1. Afghans have never settled their issues themselves. Therefore, the more the international community involves itself in ironing out Afghan quagmire, the more the acceptability will be.
2. The Afghan government shall marginalize and take action against those who work against the interest of Pakistan and in that regard shall discourage use of her land against Pakistan’s interests.
3. The Afghan government/High Peace Council shall take the lead in holding the International Ulema Conference in the nearest future which can help them reach out to Tehrik-e-Taliban Afghanistan.
4. The peace process shall be owned by the Afghan government and shall remain flexible.
5. The Afghan Government shall try to convince Pakistan and the United States to release all those Taliban commanders who could help them in initiating dialogue process for peace-building.

To the Government of Pakistan:

1. Pakistan shall evolve a proactive Afghan foreign policy rather than reactionary one.
2. Pakistan should continue convincing the US and Afghan regime into limiting India’s role in Afghanistan and increasing its volume of investment and reconstruction/development works. This effort will also help Pakistan compete
3. with other contenders and make a strong place for itself.
4. Islamabad shall peruse two Ds policy in FATA: Development and dialogue. However, the government must involve the elders and Maliks in the development and dialogue process.
5. Necessary administrative reforms shall be introduced in FATA which can make the system more transparent and responsive.
6. Recently, Pakistan’s foreign office is more assertive with regard Afghan foreign policy. Nonetheless, it needs to engage the military establishment in charting out future policies because eventually it is the military which practic
7. ally implements policies.
8. Pakistan must understand that Afghanistan is her growth engine. The savor of Pakistani goods has already been developed in Afghan population and the former shall take advantage of this association.
9. It is pertinent to mention here that Pak-Afghan region is a trade specific region rather than a production hub. Therefore, Pakistan must liberalize its policy and shall tap the enormous potential of its trade route.
10. Pakistan can serve as energy corridor and this will help the region in two ways. Firstly, it will promote interdependence, peace, and tranquility; and secondly it will help Pakistan exploit its industrial potential.