diagrams or flowcharts that can be drawn in Css Paper

     what kind of diagrams or flowcharts can be 

                        drawn in Css Papers

Diagrams
Papers like geography, EDS, Zoology, Botany and Psychology are considered to be incomplete without diagrams. so better practice diagrams if you want to score well in these subjects. Even diagrams to be drawn in subjects like journalism when you have to elaborate process and channels of communication. In sociology to illustrate central place theory and etc. There are various other examples where we can draw diagrams.

FlowCharts
In Public Admin:- One can make a flow chart to illustrate the hierarchy of Bicameral Legislature/Local Govts

History Papers:- One can make flow charts to illustrate various kings in one Dynasty

Journalism:- I made a Flow Chart to show the Social and Economic impacts of Advertising on Masses.

Sociology:- One can Illustrate class and cast system through out the world.

Difference between Critical Analysis and Conclusion

     Difference between Critical Analysis and 
                           Conclusion

Critical Analysis is basically your own perception of the topic as how do you perceive it. you have to Identifies the significance of the topic that you are writing on, evaluate it strength and weaknesses. Make you own critical judgement and argue it according to the evidences. That's all you have to do while writing a Critical Analysis

Conclusion:- The last paragraph of your essay/answer is known as conclusion. It usually summarizes what occurred, what was good or bad. A conclusion could also be a decision someone made about something.

How Should A Perfect Answer Look Like

    How Should A Perfect Answer Look Like

A Perfect Answer should always be directed to the point. which should include all the necessary details and answer all the questions asked (as normally there are often more then one question) in a question. Apart from this there is a list of ingredients that make an answer perfect and the most important of them all are

• Use Black/Blue markers for heading and sub-headings
• Try and Start your answer with a relevant quote
• Introduction must be strong
• Body should be divided among various heading approx 5- 7 (even more at times, specially in History paper)
• Draw Maps in Pak/Current Affairs, History and Geo papers where you can relate them
• Fact and Figures should not be out dated
• Use flow chart, statistical data and diagrams to make your copy looks beautiful and distinguished.
• Give Remedies where required (specially in CA Paper)
• Give Critical Analysis where required
• End your answer with a strong conclusion and again a quotation at the last

Sindh - The Land of Endless Opportunities

    Sindh - The Land of Endless Opportunities

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Sindh
The Land of Endless Opportunities


The gateway of Islam in the Indo-Pak Subcontinent, Sindh is the second largest province of Pakistan. It is home to the Indus Valley Civilization that is one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world.

Geography
East Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan
West Indus River and Balochistan
North Punjab
South Arabian Sea

Sindh forms the lower Indus basin and lies between 23 to 35 degree and 28-30, north latitude and 66-42 and 71-1 degree east longitude. It is about 579 kms in length from north to south and nearly 442 kms in its extreme breadth (281 kms average). It covers 140,914 square kms and is about as large as England.

The biggest international airport of Pakistan is situated in Karachi and is known as Qaid-e-Azam International Airport.

Districts
There are 27 districts in Sindh. Karachi consists of 5 districts. A list of these districts with their respective areas is as follows:
Total area of Karachi is 1485 sq. Km.
District Thar covering a total area of 19637 sq. km. is the largest district in Sindh.

Did You Know?
Sindh has two gigantic seaports and both are located in Karachi

Natural Resources
Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol and coal. Here is a brief account of Sindh’s natural resources.

Coal
99% coal reserves of Pakistan are in Sindh. These are located in Lakhra, Soondha, Thar, Meeting-Jhampeer and Badin. Among these, Thar coal reserves are the largest in the world. Thar region is endowed with mammoth coal (lignite) reserves estimated to be 175 billion tonnes which can produce 100,000MW of electricity for next 300 years and can be a key to energy security and economic prosperity. Major coalfields in Sindh are:

Thar Coalfield 
Total Area 9,100 sq. Km
Coal Reserves 175b tonnes
Badin Coalfield
Total Area 1,110 sq. km
Coal Reserves 1.36b tonnes
Sonda Coalfield
Total Area 1,822 sq. km
Coal Reserves 7.11b tonnes
Lakhra Coalfield
Total Area 1,309 sq. km
Coal Reserves 1.33b tonnes

(Source: Sindh Coal Authority)

Did You Know?
If all the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia & Iran are put together, these are approximately 375 billion barrels, but a single Thar coal reserve of Sindh is about 850 Trillion Cubic Feet, Which is more than oil reserves of Saudi Arabia & Iran.

Natural Gas
Sindh produces 71% of natural gas of Pakistan. There are 10 gasfields in Sindh from where natural gas is extracted. These are: Kandhkoat, Khairpur, Mari (The largest gasfield where 20% gas is stored and 18% gas is produced/used), Suri/Hundi, Golarchi, Khaskheli and Leghari.

Note:
The Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL) daily extracts nearly 986 MMCF of natural gas, 368 tonnes of LPG and 71 tonnes of sulphur.
On 18th September, 2012, Italian energy major ENI discovered a major reserve of between 300 billion and 400 billion cubic feet of gas some 350 kilometres north of Karachi in Pakistan.

On October 27, 2012, OGDCL announced the discovery of 400 billion cubic feet from Bhadra Gas Field situated in Dadu district of Sindh.

Crude Oil/Petrol
Sindh produces 62% of the total oil production of Pakistan.

Major Oilfields of Sindh
Tando Alam, Lashari, Thora, Sono, Missan, Pasakhi and Kunnar

Politics
Karachi is the capital of Sindh. Provincial Assembly of the province is based in Karachi while Sindh Public Service Commission is headquartered at Hyderabad. The provincial Assembly consists of 168 members including 130 general seats, 29 seats reserved for women and 9 seats for Non-Muslims.

The foundation stone of the building was laid by Sir Lancelot Graham, the Governor of Sindh, on 11 March 1940. The construction of the building – declared open by Sir Hugh Dow, the Governor of Sindh, on 4 March 1942 – was completed within a span of two years.

In 1971, after a lapse of about 24 years, it was again declared as the Sindh Assembly building. Since then it has been used as such.

Important
Khan Bahadur Muhammed Ayub Khoro is the only person in the history of Sindh since 1947 who has served thrice as the Chief Minister of the province.
Mr. Mahmood A. Haroon has been the Governor of Sindh for two terms.

Did You Know?
The 30th Governor of Sindh, Dr Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan, took up the post on December 27, 2002, becoming the youngest governor to hold the office. He now holds also the record of longest-serving Governor of any province of Pakistan since its inception in 1947.

Culture
The culture of Sindh has its roots in the Indus Valley Civilization.

• Poets
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast are the two most revered sufi poets of Sindh. Some famous regional poets are Shaikh Ayaz, Ustaad Bhukhari, Ahmed Khan Madhoosh, Adal Soomro, Ayaz Gul, Abdul Ghaffar Tabasum, G.N.Qureshi, Rukhsana Preet, Waseem Soomro.
• Folktales
Famous folktales of Sindh include Sassuee Punhoon, Moomal Rano, Umar Marvi, Noori Jaam Tamachi, Suhni Mehar and Sorath - Rai - Diyach Leela Chanesar.
• Language
Besides Urdu, Sindhi with its dialects Kutchi, Lasi, Parkari, Memoni, Lari, Vicholi, Utradi, Macharia, Dukslinu (spoken by Hindu Sindhis) and Siraiki are two main languages.
• Sports
The most famous regional sports include Malakhiro, Wanjh Wati, Kodi Kodi, Beelarhoo, Thipai Rand, Notinn and Biloor.
• Music
Famous Sindhi singers include the great Abida Parveen, Ustad Muhammad Juman, Ustad Manzoor Ali Khan, Zarina Baloch, Shaman Ali Meerali, Mai Bhaghi, Allan Faqir, Sohrab Fakir and many other singers who prefer singing Sindhi songs.

Pakistan's Prime Ministers born in Sindh
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Muhammad Khan Junejo, Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto, Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Shaukat Aziz, Muhammad Mian Soomro and Raja Pervaiz Ashraf were born in Sindh.

Places to Visit
Moenjodaro, Kot Diji Fort, Gorakh Hill, Runnikot Fort, Naukot Fort, Thatta and Makli Graveyard, Banbhore, Keenjhar Lake, Hyderabad Fort (Pakko Qilo), Haleji Lake,

Did You Know?
1.The Gorakh hill station is 5,866 feet above sea level and is part of the Khirthar mountain range. With pleasant weather and a beautiful landscape, it is the only place in Sindh where it snows in winter.

2. Makli Graveyard is one of the largest necropolises in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8 kilometers, Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 Sufi saints.

Twin Cities
Karachi
Port Louis, Mauritius since 1 May 2007
Shanghai, China since 15 February 1984
Puttalam, Sri Lanka November 2012
Hong Kong
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Istanbul, Turkey
Beirut, Lebanon
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Izmir, Turkey, since 1985
Houston, United States since 8 May 2008
Manama, Bahrain
Pristina, Kosovo since 24 July 2008
Dubai, U.A.E
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1 June 2008
Moscow, Russia 28 August 2011
Mashad, Iran, 11 May 2012
Chicago, USA

Sindh & Pakistan Movement
• Sindh was an important centre of activities during the Khilafat Movement. The Hijrat Tehrik also started in Sindh
• Under the Government of India Act of 1935, Sindh was made a province with its own Legislative Assembly on April 1, 1936.
• The Sindh Provincial Muslim League Conference held its first session at Karachi in October 1938 under the presidentship of Quaid-i-Azam.
• A Muslim League Assembly party was established in Sindh ,of which Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was elected leader and Mir Bandeh Ali Talpur deputy leader.
• It was only the Sindh Assembly, amongst all the provinces of undivided India, which passed a resolution on March 3, 1943, presented by the late G.M. Syed on the lines of the Lahore Resolution, in support of Pakistan.
• On June 26, 1947 the Sindh Assembly, at a special session, decided to join the new Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Thus, Sindh became the first province to opt for Pakistan.

Islands in Sindh
Churna: The second-largest island of Pakistan
Manora: A tiny peninsula located south of the port of Karachi Others
Baba Bhit Island, Buddo Island, Bundal Island, Khiprianwala Island, Shams Pir and Clifton Oyster Rocks - small islets

Lakes in Sindh
Drigh Lake Qambar Shahdadkot
Hadero Lake Thatta
Haleji Lake Thatta
Hamal Lake Qamber Shahdadkot
Keenjhar Lake Thatta
Manchar Lake Dadu

Artificial Lakes and Reservoirs
Chotiari Lake Sanghar District
Hub Lake Karachi and Lasbela District on Sindh and Balochistan border

Famous Shrines 
Syed Qutub Ali Shah: Tando Jahania, Hyderabad

Abdul Wahab Faruqi (Sachal Sarmast): Khairpur

Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai: Bhit Shah, Matiari

Syed Usman Marwandi (Lal Shahbaz Qalandar): Sehwan

Syed Abdullah Shah Ghazi: Karachi

Sakhi Sultan: Mangho Pir, Karachi

Qutbe-Alam Shah Bukhari: Karachi

Abdullah Shah As'habi: Thatta

Some Random Facts
Indus, the largest river of Pakistan, originates from Tibetan Plateau and after covering the total distance of 3180 kilometres, it falls into the Arabian Sea near Thatta in Sindh.

Blind River Dolphin, also called Indus Susu, found in the Indus River is one of four river dolphin species and subspecies in the world that spend all their lives in freshwater.

Sir Cowasji Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry Mental Hospital, commonly known as Gidu Bander, is the biggest mental hospital in Pakistan.

The territory of Sindh was annexed to the Bombay Presidency in 1843.

Pir Sibghatullah Shah Rashdi, Pir Pagara, launched a militant revolt known as "Hur Movement" against the British Raj.


Muhammad Usman Butt
Source Jehangir Times Magazine

Study Plan Combine Competitive Exam 2013/14 - SPSC

Study Plan Combine Competitive Exam 2013/14

English Essay:-

• Do a lot of writing practice
• Get your written work checked by a good English teacher
• Learn basic grammar from a teacher instead of using a book and trying to Learn it your self
• focus on current issue and happenings
• Read dawn and Tribune News paper on daily basis
• Keep your self up to date regarding latest happenings
• Important Fact and Figures should at your finger tips
• Go through Economic Survey of Pakistan 2012/13 Edition

Follow Essay Writing Rules
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compu...y-writing.html

Here you can find the important and most expected topic for English Essay
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compu...ss-2014-a.html

English Grammar

• Learn basic grammar from a teacher instead of using a book and trying to Learn it your self
• Focus on Tenses, parts of speech, Narrations and corrections
• Do a lot of Precis Writing (Dhillon's Book for Precise is a good one)
• Work on your Expansion and Comprehension
• Try and Solve at least 10years Past years Papers (PCS and CSS)
• Memories vocabulary:- Idioms, pair of words, one word substitutions

General Knowledge 

Its often the most toughest paper in PCS. one must be well versed with history, Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, Science Subjects along with sound knowledge of Sindh to score well in this subject.

For important topics on Current Affairs 
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compu...ss-2014-a.html

Pak Affairs
Divide the subject in various parts 

• Ancient Time:- 324 B.c to 712 AD (Alexander invasion of India, Gupta Dynasty, Vedic Period)
• Muslim Rule :- 712-1526 AD (Ghanzi, Ghouri, Dehli Sultanate)
• Mughal Era:- 1526-1857 AD
• 1857-1905:- British Rule and Role of Sir Syed
• 1905-1947:- Formation of AIML till independence
• 1947-1971:- (Constitutional Phase and Separation of East Pakistan)
• 1971- till date (Martial Laws, Islamization to Current Issues and Problems of Pakistan)

Note:- Candidates must not go in details and try to memorize important events and issue in these Era's. As normally there are a lot of questions asked from this portion

Every Day Science 

it's such a lengthy syllabus that one can really go through the entire subjects of Biology, Geography or Chemistry. Therefore one should focus and try to solve more and more MCQ's in order to score well

But still here are a few Important Topics

• -Muslim Scientist
• -Scientist and Inventions
• -Abbreviations
• -Differentiation
• -Worl Shortest/lonest/tallest/biggest/smallest

General Knowledge Pertaining to Sindh

One should make their own notes with the help of internet and various books for following topics

Geography
Districts
Natural Resources
Coal
Natural Gas
Crude Oil/Petrol
Major Oilfields of Sindh
Politics
Culture
Poets

• Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
• Sachal Sarmast
• Shaikh Ayaz
• Ustaad Bhukhari,

Folktales

• Sassuee Punhoon,
• Moomal Rano,
• Umar Marvi,
• Noori Jaam Tamachi,
• Suhni Mehar Sorath - Rai - Diyach Leela Chanesar.

Language
Pakistan's Prime Ministers born in Sindh

• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto,
• Muhammad Khan Junejo,
• Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto,
• Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, Shaukat Aziz,
• Muhammad Mian Soomro and
• Raja Pervaiz Ashraf were born in Sindh.

Islands in Sindh
Lakes in Sindh
Artificial Lakes and Reservoirs
Famous Shrines

Present Problems of the Muslim World

     Present Problems of the Muslim World

Within two centuries of the emergence of Islam, Muslims were dominating the world in all respects. At the dawn of the 9th century, Arabia, Central Asia, Africa, Persia and many parts of the Byzantine and Roman Empires were under the Muslim rule.

Muslims, on one hand, were conquering the lands in North Africa, especially Spain, and on the other, they were knocking at the doors of France in Europe. This glorious period of expansion and consolidation continued till the 13th century. Although Mongols/Tatars caused irreparable loss to the Muslims in 13th century, their descendents, in later centuries, embraced Islam and played a significant role in establishing Muslim dynasties in Asia.

GLORY TURNED INTO MISERYThe 15th and the 16th centuries mark the Dark Ages in the Christian world as they were plunged into darkness. At that time, the clergymen were openly issuing certificates to paradise. On the contrary, during this period, Muslims were leading in all fields of education and science. 

But, in the 17th century, when Europe entered the Age of Enlightenment, Muslims were falling into darkness. It is worth mentioning here that till the end of 17th century, the works of Muslim scientists like Al-Razi, Al-Khwarzimi, Jabir bin Hayyan, Al-Batani, Avicenna, and philosophers like Al-Farabi and Al-Kindi were taught as textbooks in the universities across Europe.

Dawn of the 18th century saw the real decline of Muslims and emergence of a new Western civilization that is hitherto in progress. From 19th century onward, the Western civilization has been consistently damaging the Islamic spiritual, cultural and intellectual roots with their educational uplift, scientific progress, industrial development, technological advancement and political dominance. 

MUSLIMS' SUBJUGATION
The West has subjugated Muslims politically and has exploited them economically. After the World War I, the Muslim world was deliberately humiliated in the name of Mandate System. Moreover, same swaggering treatment was meted out to them after the World War II in form of colonization. Even at present, the Muslims are the victims of malice and prejudice of the West. Under the pretext of the so-called War against Terror, firstly they were killed in Afghanistan, and then in Iraq under the garb of dismantling Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) which were, ironically, never found. 

Muslims are being brutally annihilated in Pakistan and Yemen in intermittent drone strikes in sheer violation of International Law and sovereignty of the independent states. Nevertheless, despite all these odds, the Muslims have maintained their identity. 

PROBLEMS AND WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEM?
There is no denying the fact that the Muslims are subject to serious agonies and troubles but it's not correct to blame only others for our problems and the existing pathetic state of affairs. Most of our problems are due to our own flaws and, as Aristotle puts it, 'hamartia'. 
Presently the Muslims are entangled in the web of following problems:

1. Illiteracy
Illiteracy and the backwardness in which it ensues make the biggest problem the Muslims are confronting nowadays for which we ourselves are responsible. In most Muslim states, literacy rate is pitiable. For example, in Pakistan, literacy rate nears 60% in sharp contrast to the Western countries where it is more than 95%. It's quite disconcerting that though we call ourselves the followers of Islam, yet we are having such a miserable standard of education. We have probably forgotten that Islam makes it obligatory upon Muslim men and women to seek knowledge. The revelation of the Holy Quran started with the very word “Read”. 
Islam declares the literate people as those having eyesight and the illiterate as those who are blind. There are some dogmatic views on education held by some short-sighted, bigoted elements within Muslim community who consider that the Muslims can acquire religious education only and they must eschew modern education. This absurd idea is against the spirit and essence of Islam which directs on striving for success in this world as well as in the hereafter; a far cry without modern education. 

In this regard, Allah Almighty commands the Muslims in verse 201 of Surah Al-Baqarah (the Cow) to beseech in this manner: 

“Our Lord! Give us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and defend us from the torment on the fire!”

Every Muslim recites this verse in five prayers he is to offer on daily basis. Importance which Islam lays on education can be ascertained from the fact that in the Battle of Badr, 72 infidels were made prisoners of war (POWs) by the triumphant Muslim Army. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) set the condition for their release that a literate PoW could secure freedom by teaching ten Muslims. But, if this view of religion of only religious education were correct, non-Muslims should not have been allowed to impart religious education to the Muslims. There are examples where many of Prophet's companions (RA) learnt foreign languages in order to conduct diplomacy with foreign countries. Similarly, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, “Seek knowledge even if it is far as China.” 
But in clear negation of the Islamic teachings, the Muslims lack due attention on education, hence they lag far behind the West in all fields of development. Former US President James Madison said, “Knowledge will forever rule ignorance”. The present plight of Muslims bears testimony to this statement.

OVERPOPULATION
The second most important problem that we face is the high population growth rate. The population of Islamic countries is increasing at alarming rates and the lack of proper management to ward off its negative effects is solely lacking, thus, making it a burden on resources of Muslim World which are already depleting fast. In developed countries, annual population growth rate is less than 1% whereas in Islamic states—like Afghanistan and Pakistan—it's more than 2%. Resultantly, poor parents remain unable to provide good education and sustenance to their children. Islam does not disapprove family planning if it is with mutual consent of marital partners. Even during the time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), some companions used to practice coitus interruptus (Azal), a common practice of Family Planning at that time. Islam emphasizes on breastfeeding the infants, which is a natural method for pregnancy spacing. The pace of development and status of wellbeing of people is much higher in Muslim countries where population growth rate has been controlled such as Turkey, Indonesia, and Malaysia, than that of those states where population growth rate is higher. So the Muslim world must prioritize the quality and not quantity of population.

DISUNITY 
The third biggest problem which the Muslims face today is disunity and rupture among the Muslims, for which again we ourselves are responsible. On one hand, several Muslim states are at loggerhead with each other, while on the other, the Muslim population is mired in sectarianism, linguistic and racial prejudices. This sectarian strife has consumed lives of thousands of Muslims and has tarnished the image of Islam. Due to this unpleasant state of affairs, Muslim states do not have a united voice on international forums and none among 57 Islamic countries is a permanent member in UN Security Council. This course of action is contradictory to Islamic teachings which profess the establishment of a universal Muslim brotherhood irrespective of race, creed, colour and language. 
Allah Almighty says in verse No. 10 of Surah Hujraat (the Dwellings):

“The believers are but a single Brotherhood. So make reconciliation between your brothers, and fear Allah that you may receive mercy”. 

The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, “Muslims are like a human body, when there is a pain in any part of the body, the whole body suffers”. 

DISCRIMINATION 
The fourth major problem is the double standards and the discriminatory attitude of West and international organizations dominated by them. The internal strife of Muslims is responsible for this fiasco. The West always remains lacklustre in resolving issues involving Muslims such as Palestine, Cyprus, Kashmir. 

For instance, an independent state for Christian majority, South Sudan, was established within days of violent clashes between Muslims and Christians in Sudan whereas in 1992 peace in Bosnia was restored after countless Muslims were butchered and women raped. Similarly, the West has turned a deaf ear to the miseries and agonies of Muslims in Palestine and Kashmir. In Palestine, Jewish state Israel, an illegitimate son of the US and the West, grabbed the lands of Arabs by force in furtherance of Balfour Declaration of 1917. Undoubtedly, all the inhumane acts of Israel are blessed by the US and the West. The recent coup in Egypt and West's response to it, exposes these double standards sufficiently. 

NOT FOLLOWING ISLAM 
The fifth problem is that we have forgotten the golden principles of Islam. This resulted in rise in social vices in the Islamic world. For example, many Islamic states are on the list of the most corrupt countries. We prefer wealth, political influence and luxurious life over simple lives in consonance with the teachings of Islam. 

If the Muslims have to regain their lost glory, then they must have to strive for resolving these problems through adherence to the golden principles of Islam.

__________________

How Pakistan can reduce foreign debt

How Pakistan can reduce foreign debt? Suggest mechanism in Pakistan economy to handle external perspective of Pakistan economy. (CSS-2011)

Introduction

Overview and Comparison:-

Pak Total Debts: $130 Billion 
USA Total Debts: $15 Trillion
China Total Debts: $1.3 Trillion
Pak External Debts: 67 Billion

Printing of Currency in Pakistan

Rs: 1.5 to 3 Billion/day
This much amount of printing leads to Inflation
Pak recent Inflation rate Almost 10.9%
Inflation in other countries: Zimbabwe worst effected
100 Billion Zimbabwe Dollars can buy only 3 eggs.

Remedies to Reduce Foreign Debts:

1. Tax Reforms
2. Rapid Economic Growth (i.e. 6% in 2008 and 2.4% GDP growth rate in 2012)
3. Foreign Investments
4. Promote Economist & Research Scholars
5. Eradicating Corruption

Mechanism to Handle External Perspectives of Pak Economy

1. Reduce Govt Expenditure
2. Stable basis for Growth
3. Getting of Roller Coster Economy
4. Reduce Balance of Payments
5. Promote Export
6. Reduce Imports
7. Expanding Trade Basis
8. Implementation of RGST
9. Proper Collection and Utilization of Public Finance
10. Promote Free Trade with Neighbors
11. Encourage FDI's
12. Foresightedness in Policy Making

Recent Amendments to Constitution 1973

Recent Amendments to Constitution 1973

18th AMENDMENT

1. Discretionary Powers of the President Repelled:
2. Provincial Autonomy:
3. Other Features:

i. Renaming of NWFP as Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa (KPK)
ii. Repulsion of Legal Frame Order (LFO)
iii. Ban on third time premiership and chief minister ship annulled.
iv. Central and provincial cabinets would be restricted to 11 % of the total members of National and Provincial Assemblies.
v. Members of senate are increased to 104, as four more seats are given to minorities in the senate.
vi. Appointment of Judges would be done by Judicial Commission (A controversial issuer that was solved through 19th Amendment).

19th Amendment

1. Number of Judicial commission would be 8. Four of them would be th Judges of supreme court, chief justice of supreme court. A representative of the supreme court, Bar Association, Attorney General, Federal Law Minister.
2. Parliament committee for judges’ appointment would consist of 8 members. Four from the senate and four from the Lower House.
3. Recommendations would be made by the judicial commission to the parliamentary committee. If the parliamentary committee rejects the recommendations of the judicial commission. Then the parliamentary committee has to give an explanatory note for that.

20th Amendment

1. Aimed to empowering the Election Commission of Pakistan
2. Election Commission an independent body and will enable formulation of institutions that would act as neutral caretaker set ups.
3. The Bill will be giving the power to the Election Commission of Pakistan to set up independent as well as unbiased structures that would be established at the center as well as the provinces so that the carrying out of fair as well as transparent elections would be done.

21st Amendment

It was just a proposal lekin abhi tak 21st amendment pass nahi hui hia, so keep in mind guys k amendments sirf 20 hi hui hian.

1. Regarding New Provinces
2. its objective was to create Seraiki province before elections 2013.

__________________

Concept of Enlightened Moderation

                Concept of Enlightened Moderation

introduction 

Ever since 9/11 muslims were considered as terrorist, exfremist and fundamentalist. To overcome this scenario Parvais Musharaf coined this term "Enlightened Moderation" in Pakistan.

What is Enlightened Moderation 

1. Concept of Balance life
2. What Muslims should do?
3. What west should do?
4. A revolutionary Strategy to improve image of Muslims

Even Prophet PBUH Taugh enlightened Moderation 

1. Persunafied Justice
2. Compassion
3. Tolerance of others
4. Generiosity of Spirit
5. Austerity with Spirit of Sacrifice
6. Burning personal desires to make this world a better place to live.

Enlightened Moderation a Balance Path 

A) Social Aspects
Concept of balance life
Universal Brotherhood

Political aspect 
Post 9/11 scenario
Impacta on muslim world

Religious Aspect 
Shunning extremism and fundamentalism

Conclusion 

Causes of extremism in Pakistan

Causes of extremism in Pakistan

1. Never ending wars since 1979
2. Proxy war policy
3. Drone strikes
4. Role of Stereotyped Madarrasah
5. Illiteracy
6. Poverty and umemployment
7. Hegemonious policies of USA
8. Cross border infiltration from Afghanistan
9. Sectarian voilence
10. Political instability in Pakistan.....

Remedial measures/Suggestions to overcome extremism secretion voilence

Remedial measures/Suggestions to overcome extremism secretion voilence


1. Mental and physical awareness
2. Educational level ascendancy
3. Mass media campaign
4. Dismantle Terrorist Organizations
5. Political stability
6. Rehabiliation of the IDPs and war-affectees
7. Social strata development and uplift
8. Modernization and registration of Madrassas

Important Topic for All Subject

Important Topic for All Subject

Current Affairs

Core Issues

• Kashmir Dispute
• Israel Conflict
• Water Disputes
• Baluchistan Issue
• Geo-Strategic position of Pakistan
• Economic Potential of Central Asia and Western Interest
• Kalabagh Dam
• Gwadar Port and its strategic significance

National issues

• Suggestions to manage political instability in Pakistan
• How Pakistan can reduce foreign debt
• Drone Attack and Its Implications
• Terrorism/Extremism and Militancy in Tribal Areas
• Corruption and Accountability in Pak
• Pak Iran Gas Pipe Line Project
• NFC Award and Provincial Autonomy
• Demand for New Provinces
• 18th, 19th and 20th Amendments
• Democracy in Pakistan
• Energy Crisis
• Sovereignty of Pakistan
• Territorial Violation
• Poverty
• Illiteracy
• Judicial Activism

International Issues

• Oil Prices
• World Economic Crisis
• Global Warming
• Syrian crisis
• Iran nuclear technology
• Water Crisis
• AFPAK policy
• Indian seat in Permanent Security Council and its implications on Pakistan

International Relation

• PAK-USA,
• PAK-China
• US-China
• Russia-USA)
• Pak-India

(Kashmir issue, Junagarh Dispute, Sir Creek Dispute, Rann of Kutch, wars of 1965 and 1971, Siachin Conflict, Kargil issue, 26/11, Water dispute and Indus Basin Treaty, insurgency at borders)


International Organizations

• UNO
• OIC
• SCO
• EU
• SAARC v/s ASEAN and US.

And Events that Changed World Politics.

• World wars
• Cold war
• USSR invasion of Afghanistan
• Afghan War
• Great Game
• 9/11 incident and its impacts

Pak Affairs

Q.NO.1) Discuss critically the role of Silsalah (Orders)in the development and progress of Muslim society in the Sub-Continent of Indo-Pakistan.

Q.NO.2) Critically examine the Muslim shift from militancy to education with a special reference to the educational movements launched during the 19th century in South Asia.

Q.NO.3) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan believed in "Trinity of ideas" i.e loyalty, devotion and aloofness”. Discuss it in perspective of his reformation movement.

Q.NO.4) Describe the main content and relative importance of the Lucknow Pact and Delhi Muslim Proposals and their respective impact on the subsequent political development in India. OR Quaid-e-Azam was the ambassador of “Hindu-Muslim Unity”. Discuss it in perspective of Lukhnow Pact and what future vision depicted from the pact?

Q.NO.5) Illustrate the role of Quaid-e-Azam for protecting the constitutional rights of Muslims of the subcontinent from 1916-1933?

Q.NO.6) Can the Lahore Resolution be termed as the ‘Magna Carta’ of Pakistan? Take a position and support your argument by historical facts, if any.

Q.NO.7) The "Objective Resolution"(1949) satisfied both orthodox and modernists by combining the features of Western and Islamic democracy. Discuss critically.

Q.NO.8) Local government system

Q.NO.9) Give a critical appraisal of the constitutional crises/crises initiated by the controversial actions. Discuss and analyze its effects on the subsequent history of Pakistan.

Q.NO.10) Given the problems that Pakistan is facing today, what is your vision of Pakistan in the year 2014? How, in your opinion, can be its internal and external problems solved?

Q.NO.11) Compare and contrast the resistance movement of East Pakistan with the present movement of Baluchistan. Suggest remedies.

Q.NO.12) The location of Pakistan has given the strategic strength to the State. What are its physical features and narrate its advantages and disadvantages.

Q.NO.13) Discuss and debate the diplomatic stance of Pakistan regarding “war on terror “. How can it be improvised in the current geo-political situation?

Q.NO.14) The Constitution of Pakistan (1973) is the “mouth piece of Islam”. Discuss.

Q.NO.15) Critically evaluate the contribution made by missionaries in the growth of Muslim society in the Sub-continent of Indo-Pak.

Q.NO.16) Assess the account for the problems which Quaid-e-Azam had to face as Governor General of Pakistan

Q.NO.17) “The twentieth century witnessed the war for oil. The twenty-first century will witness the war for water”. Examine the practical implications of this statement on situation of Pakistan.

Misc
Ahmed Sirhandi
Shah Wali Ullah
Faraizi Movement
Deoband School of thought
Anjum himayat-e-Islam

Islamiat

Q.1) Western concept of human right, discuss human rights of Islam in the light of the sermon of Hajjatul Widah?

Q.2) Importance of Akle-Halal. How unfair resources can be checked in the light of Islamic teachings?

Q.3) Distinguish between Din and Religion?

Q.4) Importance of the concept of the “Day of Judgment” and explain the practical results of this notion of the Private and Public life of the people?

Q.5) Ijtihad can play an important role in the establishment of Muslim Ummah and the making of Humanity. Discuss.

Q.6) Islam pays a lot of stress on the circulation of money. Describe in the light of Zakat system?

Q.7) Concept of enlightened moderation.

Q.8) What is “Motahida Qaumiyat/Pan-Islamism”? What role Jamaluddin Afghani and Allama Muhammad Iqbal played in order to achieve this goal?

Q.9) Human Dignity and how Islam recognized it. efforts to maintain the superiority of man?

Q.10) Importance Fasting (SAUM). Also explain its individual and collective benefits?

Q.11) Define Tauheed (Unity of Allah) and its effects on human life

Q.12) Significance of “Jihad” in the light of Quran and Sunnah? What are its kinds, principles and conditions?

Q.13) Define and explain Judicio-Political System of Islam

Q.14) Problems of “Ummah/humanity” in the contemporary world and their solutions

Q.15) Concept of veil and freedom of women from Islamic point of view while analyzing the law against veil in western countries.

Q.16) The Holy Quran is the fountain-head at all kind of knowledge

Q.17) Islam is a complete code of life. Discuss?

Q.18) Explain the economical rules of Islam in the light of Social Justice?

Q.19) Describe the necessity and importance of religion for man and its effects on human life?

Q.20) What do you mean by Shariah? Elaborate the different sources of Shariah?

Q.21) Collection and compilation of Quran.

Q.22) Islamic punishments are regarded as Savagery. Discuss?

Q.23) What moral values are given by the Deen-i-Islam? Can these values be changed keeping in view the western ethical system?

Q.24) The application of Islamic Shariah is equal to man and woman, however, some injunctions are only related to woman explain.

Q.25) What is Islamic concept of creation of the universe ? are the modern theories about creation of the universe commensurate with the islamic point of view ?

English Essay

1-Pakistan is rich in natural resources but very poor in their management.(2010)

2-The Future of Democracy in Pakistan(.2009)

3-What are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state?(2011)

4- A Critical Analysis of Education Systems in Pakistan

5- Democracy is a culture rather than a process

6-· U.N.O (most expected in 2014)

• The future of UNO, Hopes and Hurdles (2009)
• The U.N.O has failed to measure up to the demands of its charter.
• (2010)
• The United Nations in the 21st Century: Obligations and Limitations(2012)

7· Status of women in Islam

• Can women be equal to men in Pakistan?(2010)
• Does Pakistan society regard woman as the angel in the house or source of all evils?(2011)
• Social and Economic Securities for Women in Islam(2012)
• “The traditional male role changed in the last 20 years.
• Gender equality is a myth”(2013)

8· Role & Power of Media in modern World

• Free speech should have limitations(2013)
• Truth is a rare commodity despite the freedom by the print and electronic media(2011)

10 · Pakistani War of terrorism

• Pakistan's War on terror and its impact on our psyche and politic.socio.economic fronts
• Beggars cannot be choosers
• The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before due to the specific imperialist designs(2010)
• Dialogue is the best course to combat terrorism(2010)

11· Social Networking

Modern day communication via social networks puts an end of true and sincere relationships.(2013)
The Emerging Power of Public Opinion(2012)

.

Journalism

Section One

Communication

• Is communication a reciprocal process?
• Functions of Mass Communication
• Concept and process of communication.
• Barriers if communications. Do these barriers also exist in this modern information age?
• Importance of Mass Communication in this modern age
• Essentials of effective communication
• How do you define communication? With the help of different models describe the process of communication

Evolution of the Muslim Press

• Critically examine the role of Muslim press during Pakistan Movement.
• Zimindar played very effective role against British imperialism. Discuss in detail.
• Give your evaluation of the role of print journalism in Pakistan?
• Explain the difficulties faced by the Muslim Press during the movement of Pakistan.

News

• Educational and news functions of journalism
• Describe news, "which is the real soul of journalism"
• Effects of different news on Pakistan Society
• Functions and Values of News

Newspapers

• Have newspapers lost their importance after the fast growth of cable television and social media in Pakistan? Comment.

Role of Media

• Critically analyze the watchdog and lapdog role of public and private TV channels in Pakistan.
• "Today’s media has taken centre stage role in the daily life and society”. Give your comments on this statement in the light of media system dependence theory
• Role of journalists in socio-economic development of the country like Pakistan.
• Looking into the latest developments taking place in the field of journalism determine the role of a journalist in the 21st century.

Private TV Channels

• Evaluate critically the performance of private T.V channels in Pakistan
• Discuss the role of private TV Channels in political and social mobilization after their inception in and after 2002 in Pakistan.
• survey the development of electronic media in Pakistan?

Media and Ethics/Freedom

• Ethical issues associated with online journalism and its remedies
• Importance of people’s participation in the process of development and subsequent role of mass media
• “The mass media in Pakistan are confronting many problems” Please comment.
• Considering that Media are given greater importance, describe the freedom of media.
• In spite of being highly potential and popular medium, Television in Pakistan has failed to play a key role in national development and to promote our values and culture. Make critical analysis.

Misc

"FM radio channels have revolutionized the broadcast landscape in Pakistani and have become one of the preferred sources of entertainment for youngsters", give your arguments for or against this statement.

Section Two

Magazine Journalism

• Role of Magazine Journalism in Pakistan
• What are the functions and scope of magazines in our society?
• Survey the status of Magazine Journalism in Pakistan?
• Magazine Journalism – its scope and social aspects.
• Magazine journalism (Short Note)

Advertising

• How does Advertising influence society?
• Latest trends and practices in society and the principles of successful advertising
• Survey the development of Advertising in Pakistan
• Define ‘Advertising’?
• Principles of successful advertising
• Describe the social and economic aspects of advertising.
• What do you know about advertising? Explain its functions and importance in the modern age.
• “advertising is spinal cord of any media organization”. Discuss.

Editorial

• Describe the need and significance of editorial.
• Describe the major types of editorial perform for its readers?
• What function does an editorial perform for its readers?

Public Relation

• Present status of Public Relations Practice in Pakistan
• difference between ‘Public Relation Officer’ and ‘Personal Assistant’?
• Mention the role and responsibilities of a good P.R.O
• Purpose and scope of Public Relation in any organization?
• Public relations manipulate the news. Comment in detail.
• "Public Relations are actually Image Building activity". Explain in detail.

Freedom of Media and Ethics

• Describe an ideal ‘Press Code of Ethics’ for Pakistan Journalists.
• “Freedom of Press” and “Responsibility” is two common issues in the field of journalism. Discuss and evaluate the case of Pakistan regarding these concepts?
• In a globalized world, discuss and evaluate the concepts of "Free Press" and "Responsibility" in the developing and developed societies.
• Press freedom and responsibility go hand in hand in a democratic society. Comment.
• Media laws in Pakistan are hindrance in the way of free media. Give your arguments for or against the comment keeping in view the current laws and ordinances relating to electronic media in Pakistan.

Misc

• explain the historical perspective of journalism in subcontinent
• In the light of Karl Marx media theory: analyze the role of at least 3 TV channels with the special reference of flood disaster. What is national development? And how media can play role in national development
• Describe the criteria and parameters of selecting and structuring the news.
• Differentiate news “components” from “news values”
• How ‘Print Media’ is so important in Pakistan society after the development of “electronic Media”? Argue in detail
• Critically evaluate socio-economic impact of mobile package advertisements on Pakistani youth.

Short Note

• Press release
• Editorial
• Non-verbal communication
• Code of ethics for print media

Geography Paper II

Environmentalism & Possibilism

• Define Possibilism
• How far has man changed the environment in his favor?
• Natural environment affects human activities or Human activities affect the natural environment.
• Man-environmental relationship in the light of Physical Determinism and Possibilism.

World Population Distribution

• What is meant by “population growth”?
• Compare the pattern of population growth between the more developed countries (MDC’S) and less developed countries (LDC’S) since 1950?
• Present the spatial distribution of population over the globe
• Which factors affect the distribution of population in the world?
• Population/Resource regions

Migrations

• kinds of migration and
• Effects of intra-urban migration.
• forced migration across international borders has become exceedingly widespread during the recent past”. Discuss?
• Define urbanization.
• Critical assessment of process of urbanization in Pakistan since its inception
• Compare different urban and rural landscapes with which you are familiar.
• Rural to Urban Migration in Pakistan
• Causes of rural-urban migration in the world.

Pakistan Social, Human and Economic Geography

• Draw a map of Pakistan and show physical features in it.
• importance of Pakistan in the current geo-polity pertinent to Global Affairs
• In what ways does the import and export trade of Pakistan differ from that of her western neighbors?
• Throw light on Pakistan’s transportation Network
• Pakistan’s strategic Importance

Industrial Revolution and Industrialization

• Q.1 Describe Industrial Revolution. How far it has helped in economic development as well as increasing economy disparity in the world?
• Q.2 Summarize Western Europe’s historic contribution to the development of the present world economy.
• Q.3 Bring out the importance of the manufacturing belt of USA. What effects does the Appalachia area have on the rest of the country?
• Q.4 What is the importance of iron and steel industry? How it plays a major role in the development of any country?

Geography of South Asia

• Q.1 Explain Geographical requirements, distribution and production of cotton in South Asia.
• Q.2 Give an account of power resources of South Asia with special reference to Pakistan.
• Q.3 "South Asia has many places where people are few and few places where people are very many". Discuss.
• Q.4 Production and trade of rice in the world with specific reference to south Asia
• Q.5 Grain farming in South Asia. Did you notice agriculture change in the region recently?
• Q.6 The River basins and Coastal Plains of South Asia are reckoned as one of the densely populated areas of the world. Discuss.
• Q.7 ‘Agriculture sector is the linchpin of the economy of South Asia.’ Discuss in detail with special reference to Pakistan.
• Q.8 Major Industries of South Asia based on Non-Metallic minerals.

Oil Politics

• Q.1 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of dependence on oil production by countries of SW Asia and North Africa.
• Q.2 Give an account of the Petroleum production in Middle East.’ Also throw light on its economic and political importance.

Water

• Q.1 To what extent are water resources likely to act as a limit to economic development in Pakistan?
• Q.2 A population map of Asia shows that most people live on or near the river basins and coasts. Give reasons for this distribution.
• Q.3 Fresh water shortage is a future threat for Pakistan. Discuss

Agriculture

• Q.1 Name the chief agricultural products of South Asia and indicate the chief producing areas on a sketch map.
• Q.2 Account for the recent floods in the Indus basin and its impact on agricultural lands and their productivity.

Resources

• Q.1 Define Resources. Give most workable classification of resources citing explicit examples
• Q.2 "Economic geography is the study of location, distribution and use of scarce resources". Discuss.

Cultural Diffusion

• Q.1 What is meant by cultural diffusion?
• Q.2 How is the culture of an area affected by landscape

Economic Activities

Q.1 Delineate the hierarchy of economic activities. Give a detailed account of any ONE of the secondary activities in the world?




Misc

• Q.1 Is there any relation between the 'Holy Quran and Geography? Explain your ideas in detail.
• Q.2 Analytical essay on the politico-economic relationship between MDC’S and LDC’S?
• Q.3 How did settlements originate in the world? Describe the central place theory.
• Q.4 Compare the economic and social geographies of the Central Asian countries.

Short Notes

• Shifting cultivation
• Tourism in Pakistan
• Manufacturing industries in China
• Fisheries in Japan
• Recent Trends in International Relations within SAARC
• World's major fishing grounds
• Trade patterns in China
• Singapore--Her Economic success
• Urbanization in Latin America.
• Gwadar Port
• International Trade Pattern
• Environmental and Economic importance of Forests
• The green Revolution
• The Golden Corridor
• Energy crisis in Pakistan

Geography Paper One

Weathering, Erosion and Mass Wasting

• Differentiate between weathering, mass wasting and erosion.
• Classification of mass wasting types and their areas of occurrence
• Evaluate physical weathering and its occurrences in different climate areas
• Provide a brief account of fluvial cycle of erosion

Landforms

• What do you know about major landforms?
• Landforms produced by the glaciers OR Present glaciated morphology through various stages.
• Action of the river in its youth, maturity, and old age.
• Outline the processes by which a river produces various Land features describing its mode of transportation.
• Wind produces a variety of interesting sequential landforms both erosional and depositional'. Discuss.

Ocean (Current, Importance and Salinity)

• what are the Ocean’s movements
• Discuss the Currents of the Pacific Ocean.
• Introduce Atlantic Ocean with its flows configuration as unique phenomena.
• Sketch a map of Indian Ocean Currents. Bring out the influence of monsoon on currents of the North Indian Ocean.
• Ocean currents influence the climate, resources and economies of many countries. Elaborate this statement and give examples.
• Describe the factors contributing to the origin of ocean currents.
• Distinguish b/w North Indian Ocean and South Indian Ocean currents
• Describe in details the distribution of salinity in the Ocean

Maps

• What are the major types of Map Projections?
• Discuss different types of Conical Projection and discuss their merits and demerits.
• Merits of dot method while handling demographic data of Pakistan
• Distinction between large-scale, medium-scale and small-scale maps
• Topographical maps
• Ariel Photography

Atmosphere

• Various types of local winds
• Formation and characteristics of the Mountain and Valley winds.

Rocks

• what is a rock?
• Classify rocks and discuss their formation
• Characteristics of Rocks
• Types of Rocks
• Scientific definition of rock
• Highlight the process and degree of metamorphism
• Rock cycle in connection with its reincarnation

Earth Quakes and Earth Structure

• Earthquake waves had helped scientist to know about the interior of the Earth. Discuss
• Describe internal structure of the earth
• Write an essay on earthquake.
• Ways in which earthquake can be managed

Moon Soon

• Silent features of monsoon type of climate.
• What impact does Monsoon have on millions living in the South Asia?

Plate Tectonic

• young fold mountain building process with the help of moving Lithosphere Plate Theory.
• Plate Tectonic Theory

Climatic Regions (Important)

• salient features of Western European type of climate with its impact on experiencing societies.
• Discuss Mediterranean climatic region with its dominating characteristics.
• Characteristics of the climate type along with the associated economic activities. Characteristics of Monsoon Climatic Region
• Where can we find the tropical rainforest?
• Influence of climate factors on distribution of natural vegetation

Misc

• What causes the rise and fall of tides?
• What celestial bodies are most important in determining tides?
• Original concept of air masses and present principal air masses.
• Define insulation; discuss the distribution of temperature on the surface of Earth and reasons for its variation.
• Detailed description of the earth's interior with the help of diagrams

Short Notes

• Block Mountains
• International dateline
• Isostasy
• Synoptic charts
• Planetary winds
• trends in January isotherm
• Choice of projections
• Volcanoes

Public Administration CSS 2014

Planning Machinery of Pakistan

• What is planning?
• Disadvantages of planning called potential disadvantages
• Relationship among the six steps in the planning process
• Project planning in the government of Pakistan and how does it extend to the provinces and local governments
• Planning Machinery in Pakistan.

Public Administration, its Nature and Scope

• Public administration refers to the implementation of public policy. Discuss
• Define Public Amin
• Explain and justify your definition in comparison with various other competing definitions of Public Admin
• Public Administration v/s Business Administration
• Short essay on the intellectual history of Public Administration
• "PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION is nothing less than the whole government in action". Discuss nature of public administration
• General problems comprising the elements of public administration

Accountability

• Role of social media in implementing public accountability in the developing societies
• Accountability and Control essential aspects of Public Administration. Discuss
• Suggest means for strengthening the system of administrative accountability in Pakistan.
• Salient features of National Accountability Strategy as prepared by the NAB

Leadership

• Transactional and transformational leadership styles are suggested for political leader. Which one is better for Pakistan and why
• Styles of leadership
• What style of leader you prefer and why?

Authority

• Difference between power and authority
• Role of power in the control process

Bureaucracy

• What is Bureaucracy?
• Critically examine the Weberian model of bureaucracy.
• Do you think its characteristics are still relevant to changing Public Administration?
• Max Weber’s concept of “ideal type of bureaucracy”.
• How does it differ from the existing public bureaucracy in Pakistan?
• Evaluate Taylor's scientific management & Weber's ideal bureaucracy & discuss
• Bureaucracy and Democracy are antithetical. Discuss
• Bureaucracy as an agent of change but why it’s lacking in this respect in Pakistan

Management Theories

• Compare and contrast Taylor's Management and Human Relations
• 'New Public Management' different mechanisms used in pursuing NPM goals in Pakistan
• Analyze McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y.
• Explain the concept of motivation giving reference to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory
• Compare & Contrast the Bureaucratic model with new public management (NPM).
• Discuss human relation movement with particular emphasis on the Hawthorne studies
• Explain the principle of scientific management

Budgeting

• Performance budgeting, its merits, limitations and difficulties.
• Explain the government’s budgetary system. Is it an inherently political process?

Good Governance

• Explain the concept of Good Governance.
• How can good governance ensure efficient and effective public service delivery at the grass roots level in Pakistan?
• The role of public admin in good governance particularly with reference to Pak?

Local Governments

• new administrative setup under Local Government Ordinance 2001.How far it affected the efficiency of Bureaucracy
• Devolution Programme. Highlight its strength and weaknesses.

Privatization

• What is the importance of Public Private Partnership in Effective Governance?
• Discuss the concept of Public Private Partnership with example from Pakistan.
• How and why governments implement public programmes by hiring the private sector to do work for them.

Public Personnel Management in Pakistan.

• Recruitment and training process of Central and Provincial Service
• The CSP officers were accused of harboring a colonial mentality, of being little more "Brown Englishmen's in the conduct of duties .Do you agree?
• The excessive zeal for scientific management which arose as a corollary to the merit system has produced adverse effect on administration but civil service has become synonymous to merit system. Describe briefly the merit system and its advantages.

Misc

• Communication issues of the Citizen-Government relationship in Pakistan
• interference of HALLO EFFECT and STEREOTYPING in the recruitment of knowledge workers
• Parliamentary oversight of the executive is an important aspect of any democratic system. How is this role being exercised by the Parliament in Pakistan? What recommendations would you suggest for making this role more effective?
• Human Resource Management (HRM) is a contemporary approach to managing people in business org. What are the salient features of HRM model? Do you think this model is being applied to reform personnel system in Pak?
• Discuss the functions and organizational structure of federal govt of Pak including administrative relations between federal ministries and federal bodies such as commissions, authorities, boards & state-owned enterprises
• "Work is accomplished by the employees who have not yet reached their level of incompetence." Explain in the light of structure and operation of hierarchies in government.

Short Notes

• Ecology of Bureaucracy
• Ombudsman
• E-government in Pakistan
• Judicial Remedy
• Management by Objectives (MBO)
• Problems of co-ordination in public administration in Pakistan.
• The organization of Federal and Provincial government in Pakistan
• Administrative Law

Sociology

Sociologist

• Karl Marx’s “Social Conflict in Capitist Society”.
• "Theory of Labour" given by Karl Marx.
• "Evolutionary Theory" given by Ibn-i-Khaldun.
• Auguste Compte as Father of Sociology.

Research Methodology

• What is hypothesis?
• How to conduct a Research?
• What is "Social Research?
• Important steps of inducting social research
• What is a research design?
• What type of research design can use for studying the problems of drug addiction and juvenile delinquency in Pakistan?

Migration

• Types of Migration
• Define urban sprawling
• Urbanization as a process
• Urbanization and future of major cities in Pakistan in the lights of security situation and terrorism
• Migration as a social phenomenon.
• Internal migration
• Rural-Urban convergence and the future of cities in Pakistan

Social Change

• What is Social Change?
• Accelerating and decelerating factors of social change
• Process of social change in group behavior
• Role of media in social and cultural change in Pakistan

Family

• Nature and genesis of institutions along with the change taking place in Pakistani family.
• Changing family pattern, its causes and consequences.
• Discuss the status of elderly people in Pakistani society.

Class and Caste

• Define and differentiate between caste and class. Discuss the dynamics of classes in the existing feudal system.
• Role of Biradri/Caste system is playing in decision making on political issues especially local bodies elections in rural areas of Pakistan
• How this biradri-based political organization influences the community development process

Social Problem

• Define Social problem
• Causes of drug abuse in Pakistan.
• Poverty in Pakistan

Community

• Define the term “Community”
• important characteristics of rural and urban community

Socialization

• Individual is product of society and culture. Dicuss
• Different methods of socialization
• Process of Socialization
• Define social institution.
• Significance of family, religion and education as institutions in the process of socialization
• What are different theories about origin of society?
• Advantages of socialization?
• Is Socialization process applicable to the adults?

Groups

• Differentiate between Primary and Secondary Groups,
• Character of Primary Relations

Short Notes

• Social Mobility
• Etnocentricism
• Conflict Theory
• Social Status
• Culture diffusion

History of USA

Presidents

• George Washington (Most expected)
• John F. Kennedy
• Harry S. Truman
• Woodrow Wilson

Question on Nixon, Jefferson and Jackson is least expected because last two years main yahi poochai gai hain
Wars

• War of Independence OR Causes of Colonization
• War of 1812
• Salient features of American foreign policy since World War II

Civil war last year a chukka hai so there are hardly any chances for civil war

Events

• Great Depression
• Missouri Compromise
• Blacks and Women Rights Movements in America
• FDR and the New Deal
• struggle between the Federalists and anti-Federalist
• Manifest Destiny/Westward Expansion
• Progressivism

Constitution(very Important b/c last 2 saal se koi sawal nah9i ayia constitution par)

• American Constitution is a system of “checks and balances.”
• Flaws in the Articles of Confederation
• Salient features of the present constitution of the United States of America

Current Issues

• Changing scenario of Pak-US Relation
• US Drone Attacks with reference to Pak-US Relation

Note: This is the portion where examiner can ask any thing (World war, Cold war, Great Game and US policies to dominate and be The World Leader must be well read and understood).

Short Notes

• Evolution of Muslim Community in the USA
• The Monroe Doctrine
• Malcolm X
• Compromise of 1850
• Jay’s Treaty

Note:- This is not a guess paper but the most important topics whichshould be prepared well.